Evidence item

We developed an ultrathin, conformal tin oxide (SnOx) interlayer to suppress interfacial reactivity between nickel oxide and perovskite. SnOx is typically an electron transport layer, but we show that the energy alignment can be modified for hole extraction using molecules with dipoles. This synergy yielded high efficiency and showed an ~10x improvement in T90 lifetime in open-circuit conditions under AM1.5G at 65°C. This structure also improves resilience to thermomechanical durability, as minimodules retained 95.7% of their initial performance after 1000 thermal cycles (−65° to 85°C).