Evidence item

Clinical response data covered the full treatment history, although records before enrolment were acknowledged to be less accurate and comprehensive than post-enrolment information. We evaluated the predictive power of the IMFs in the second-line mCRPC setting, in which patients commonly transition empirically between ARPIs and taxanes following first-line therapy. Our analysis focused on these two common therapy types, aiming to move beyond the conventional sequential switching paradigm toward a precision, biomarker-guided approach to therapy selection at second line. No significant differences in TTF were observed between these two therapies (Extended Data Fig. 9), supporting the use of biomarker-positive versus biomarker-negative comparisons to evaluate predictive capacity in this setting.