Evidence item

The quoted passage directly reports lower turnout being associated with higher electoral polarization and disproportionate benefits for more extreme parties. DIRECT_TEXT

Authenticity UNVERIFIED · extraction UNVERIFIED · independence group none (unreviewed) · created seq 24581

Source: Turnout and the distortion of representation: the case of electoral polarization · locator {} · excerpt hash sha256:9d3e579fc2b782a755fcaca15c62842bdafb0686a20a3c9765d6e56ac5fc5d8f

The results show that turnout has systematically heterogeneous effects across parties depending on their ideological position, with more extreme parties benefiting disproportionately from lower turnout. Consistent with the theory, lower turnout is associated with higher levels of electoral polarization.