Evidence item

A preregistered study of 249 participants found that GPS dependence was associated with poorer objective navigation performance, supporting the claim’s observed relationship; however, the authors explicitly say the correlational design cannot establish that reliance causes people to lose navigation ability, and it studied GPS generally rather than Waze specifically. DIRECT_TEXT

Authenticity UNVERIFIED · extraction UNVERIFIED · independence group none (unreviewed) · created seq 12272

Source: How is GPS used? Understanding navigation system use and its relation to spatial ability · locator {} · excerpt hash sha256:b1bb8994512fc4131a065b0b885514a592c6163543c19407a743ddb4e2d4647a

In 249 participants over two preregistered studies, reported GPS dependence was negatively correlated with objective navigation performance and self-reported sense of direction. ... In the in-person study, better performance on the Virtual SILCton tasks was associated with lower overall GPS dependency. ... The study is correlational so any associations among reported GPS use, spatial anxiety and navigation ability in these studies cannot indicate direction of causality.